Years of layering new tools on old infrastructure has left enterprise IT brittle and fragmented. For decades, enterprises reacted to shifting business pressures with stopgap technology solutions. To rein in rising infrastructure costs, they adopted cloud services that could scale on demand. When customers shifted their lives onto smartphones, companies rolled out mobile apps to keep pace. And when businesses began needing real-time visibility into factories and stockrooms, they layered on IoT systems to supply those insights. Each new plug-in or platform promised better, more efficient operations.

At a crucial moment for climate change, these technologies show us where we're heading. I know it's a bit late to say, but it never quite feels like the year has started until the new edition of our 10 Breakthrough Technologies list comes out. For 25 years, has put together this package, which highlights the technologies that we think are going to matter in the future. This year's version has some stars, including gene resurrection (remember all the dire wolf hype last year?) And of course, the world of climate and energy is represented with sodium-ion batteries, next-generation nuclear, and hyperscale AI data centers . Let's take a look at what ended up on the list, and what it says about this moment for climate tech.

Our community is standing up for MIT and its mission to serve the nation and the world. And we need you to join us at this critical moment. This story was part of our September/October 2025 issue. We're learning more about what vitamin D does to our bodies Jessica Hamzelou OpenAI's new LLM exposes the secrets of how AI really works Will Douglas Heaven China figured out how to sell EVs. Now it has to deal with their aging batteries. We're learning more about what vitamin D does to our bodies The sunshine vitamin could affect your immune system and heart health.

Improved carbon-cement supercapacitors could turn the concrete around us into massive energy storage systems. Concrete already builds our world, and an MIT-invented variant known as electron-conducting carbon concrete (ec, pronounced "e c cubed") holds out the possibility of helping power it, too. Now that vision is one step closer. Made by combining cement, water, ultra-fine carbon black, and electrolytes, ec creates a conductive "nanonetwork" that could enable walls, sidewalks, and bridges to store and release electrical energy like giant batteries. To date, the technology has been limited by low voltage and scalability challenges. But the latest work by the MIT team that invented ec has increased the energy storage capacity by an order of magnitude.

China figured out how to sell EVs. Now it has to bury their batteries. As early electric cars age out, hundreds of thousands of used batteries are flooding the market, fueling a gray recycling economy even as Beijing and big manufacturers scramble to build a more orderly system. In August 2025, Wang Lei decided it was finally time to say goodbye to his electric vehicle. Wang, who is 39, had bought the car in 2016, when EVs still felt experimental in Beijing. It was a compact Chinese brand.